Epidemiology
Jahanshah Mohammadzadeh; Shahram Mami; Khadijeh Omidi
Abstract
Background and aims: Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder, and students are more predisposed to depression than other populations. This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the mean depression score in Iranian students based on DASS-21.Methods: The search was carried out using keywords ...
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Background and aims: Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder, and students are more predisposed to depression than other populations. This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the mean depression score in Iranian students based on DASS-21.Methods: The search was carried out using keywords Depression, Student, DASS-21 and Iran in domestic databases, including SID, Medlib, IranMedex, Irandoc, and Magiran. Data were analyzed using a meta-analysis (random effects model). The heterogeneity of studies was studied using the I2 index. Data were analyzed using the Stata software version 11. DASS-21 had been used in all reviewed studies. Results: The sample size was 3229 people included in 17 studies. The mean depression score in Iranian students based on DASS-21 was 9.30 (95% CI: 12.57-6.03), 8.90 in female students (95% CI: 4.50-13.29) and 8.45 in male students (95% CI: 4.03-12.86). The mean scores of anxiety and stress in students were 8.58 (95% CI: 5.95-12.86) and 9.91 (95% CI: 11.28-8.54), respectively. Conclusion: The mean depression score is higher in female students than in male students, and the mean score of stress is slightly higher than those of anxiety and depression.
Nursing
Babak Moeini; Hamid Abasi; Maryam Afshari; Morteza Haji Hosseini; Ali Ghaleiha
Volume 5, Issue 3 , September 2018, , Pages 73-79
Abstract
Background and aims: Students are exposed to multiple mental disorders. One of the most important things that students face to is homesickness and depression that causes reduction happiness in them. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between homesickness with depression and happiness ...
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Background and aims: Students are exposed to multiple mental disorders. One of the most important things that students face to is homesickness and depression that causes reduction happiness in them. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between homesickness with depression and happiness in dormitory students in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at on 387 dormitory students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences from January to April 2016. The sampling was stratified random with proportional allocation. Data collection was completed through self-reporting, and the use of four informational demographic questionnaires, homesickness Benfleet questionnaire, student's depression questionnaire (USDI), and oxford happiness questionnaire. Analysis was performed using SPSS23 software Results: Results showed that depression had inverse (-0.6) relationship with happiness, so that with increasing depression scores happiness decreases. Depression had significant direct relationship with homesickness (0.3), therefore with increasing homesickness scores, depression scores also increases. As well as homesickness has a significant inverse relationship (-0.2) with happiness score, and with increasing homesickness, happiness decreases.
Shervin Assari
Abstract
While Blacks have lower risk for MDD, they report higher levels of depressive symptoms. This is partially because Blacks do not have the same access and trust to the health care system. As a result, their MDD is commonly left as untreated. In line with the above note, the cross-sectional association ...
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While Blacks have lower risk for MDD, they report higher levels of depressive symptoms. This is partially because Blacks do not have the same access and trust to the health care system. As a result, their MDD is commonly left as untreated. In line with the above note, the cross-sectional association between MDD and depressive symptoms is stronger for Blacks than Whites. This, however, is not the case for the longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and MDD. While baseline depressive symptoms predict future MDD risk for Whites, such symptoms do not have any predictive role for Blacks. Blacks with depressive symptoms maintain high levels of hope and also positive emotions. The Black-White differences in depression – dysfunctional cognitive elements and also higher concordance of positive emotions and depressive symptoms may explain why depressive symptoms, depression, and other negative emotions increase risk of chronic disease or obesity in Whites but not Blacks. The same may also explain why depression is linked to inflammation in Whites but not Blacks, given the undoing potential of positive emotions.
Zeenat Mahmodi; Kourosh Sayehmiri
Abstract
Background and aims: Prayer means reading and asking for help and satisfying the need. The prevalence of mental diseases has had an increasing trend in Iran. The aim of this study was to know the role of attitudes and praying-related behaviors in the treatment of patients with depression in Iran. Methods: ...
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Background and aims: Prayer means reading and asking for help and satisfying the need. The prevalence of mental diseases has had an increasing trend in Iran. The aim of this study was to know the role of attitudes and praying-related behaviors in the treatment of patients with depression in Iran. Methods: By searching in the databases such as SID, Magiran, Medlib, Iranmedex, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, 16 relevant articles were extracted. Data were analyzed by using meta-analysis (random effects model). Moreover, heterogenecity of the studies was checked using Q and I2 statistics. Results: To examine the relationship between the rate of depression and praying, it analyzed in both case and control groups as pretest and posttest. It was reported that the rate of depression before the test in the case group was 49.4 (95% CI: 34.04-64.04) and in the control group was 27.51 (95% CI: 15.51, 39.51). For the case group, it was reported that the rate of depression decreased to 12.43 (95% CI: 2.4-22.4) and for the control group it was 19.83 (95% CI: 11.8-27.83). Conclusion: The attitude and the praying-related behavior had positive effects on the depression of individuals and it could cause the depression level diminishing. Therefore, this therapeutic approach can be considered as a common method in the treatment of mental disorders and the psychologists and the therapists can use this method for the treatment of their patients in therapeutic centers.
Sattar Kikhavani; Shaban Roshani; Salahedin Aj; Kourosh Sayehmiri
Abstract
Background and aims: Internet is one of the new technologies whose users are increasing, and internetaddiction is defined as the excessive use of internet. One of the factors that influence internet addictionis depression. The purpose of our study was to investigate the relationship between internet ...
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Background and aims: Internet is one of the new technologies whose users are increasing, and internetaddiction is defined as the excessive use of internet. One of the factors that influence internet addictionis depression. The purpose of our study was to investigate the relationship between internet addictionand depression in Iranian users using meta-analysis.Methods: In our systematic review and meta-analysis, a total of 10 articles in Persian and English,published in local and international journals between 2008 and 2014 were selected through searchingin PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, Medlib, and Irandoc databases, and the informationwere analyzed using a method of meta-analysis (random effects model). I-square test was used toexamine heterogeneity. Data were analyzed by STATA version 11.2.Results: There were significant correlations between internet addiction and depression (P < 0.05).Hence the mean risk differentiating criteria were estimated to be 0.55 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.96). Subgroupanalysis showed that the value of a university student was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.88) and of a highschool student was 1.12 (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.34).Conclusion: Our results indicated positive significant correlation between internet addiction anddepression in adolescents and young adults in Iranian users. There was a positive correlation betweeninternet addiction and depression as one of the most important psychological disorders. This issuerequires further attention and study.
Epidemiology
Babak Mohammadzadeh; Kazem Sattari; Masoud Lotfizadeh
Volume 3, Issue 4 , November 2016, , Pages 376-385
Abstract
Background and aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between brain waves and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) score in clinical cases with depression.Methods: In this study, EEG was taken using neurofeedback device at the point F4 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of the ...
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Background and aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between brain waves and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) score in clinical cases with depression.Methods: In this study, EEG was taken using neurofeedback device at the point F4 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of the brain of 60 depressed patients referred to psychiatric clinic. At the same time, Beck Depression Inventory was performed to assess the severity of depression. With the condition of artifact lower than 50%, fourty one EEG related to the 41 subjects were remained after eliminating artifact.Results: The findings of this study confirm the mean decrease in alpha and theta waves and increase beta wave in the brain waves of depressed patients. Comprehensive analysis of the data with a multi-regression indicates a predictable BDI score at F4, based on two variables (mean beta and mean alpha) which reflects the depression increase by increased mean beta and decreased mean alpha according to the following equation: Depression based on Beck at F4 point is equal to: Beck’s depression score= mean beta (0.532)+mean Alpha (0.412).Conclusion: Due to rapid growth of the elderly population in the country as well as Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, considering the needs of this age group is an important necessity.
Epidemiology
Fatemeh Boomadi; Sareh Hatamian; fatemeh salehi; seyede nafiseh ahmadi; seyede soghra ahmadi
Volume 3, Issue 3 , September 2016, , Pages 276-282
Abstract
Background and aims: Depression is an affective (mood) disorder accompanied by the sense of disappointment, incompetence, sense of transgression, fear and sense of humility. Depression is the daily depressed-mood for two weeks. The aim of this study is analysis of the prevalence and effective factors ...
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Background and aims: Depression is an affective (mood) disorder accompanied by the sense of disappointment, incompetence, sense of transgression, fear and sense of humility. Depression is the daily depressed-mood for two weeks. The aim of this study is analysis of the prevalence and effective factors on post-natal depression in women referring to Garmsar city health centers in 2015. Methods: This study is a descriptive and periodical study. The statistical population in this research includes the women who went to Garmsar city health centers during the second and third quarters in 2015, two months after their labor. The method of collecting data in this study was by census, and the data-collecting tool was Edinburg standard questionnaire for post-natal depression diagnosis. After collecting and re-controlling, the data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software package. Descriptive statistics (average and standard deviation) were used for describing the data. The analytical statistical tests (chi square and independent t-test) were used for the data analysis. Results: The findings showed that 40 out of 110 mothers were depressed (score of over 12), and the prevalence of post-natal depression mothers referred to Garmsar health centers was about 36%. The results indicated that there were no significant statistical relations between mother’s age, education, number of labor, types of childbirth, children’s sex, unwanted pregnancies, the history of sterility, and post-natal depression. Conclusion: Due to unpleasant effects of depression on the living qualities of mothers’ and the embryos’ and eventually the families, and due to its extensive prevalence in the city of Garmsar, precise identification of effective factors in emergence of this disorder seems to be essential. By awareness from its risk factors, some of the inevitable factors could be reduced or even confronted, and the relevant consequences can be reduced by timely and proper interventions.
Nutrition
Majid Kamali; Farideh Dastsuz; Sasan Amanat; Fatemeh Sadeghi; Masoumeh Akhlaghi
Volume 3, Issue 2 , June 2016, , Pages 128-137
Abstract
Background and aims: Depression is a growing public health problem in the world. In this study we investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and depression in adults aged 20-50 years living in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 416 subjects (180 men and 236 women) aged 20 ...
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Background and aims: Depression is a growing public health problem in the world. In this study we investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and depression in adults aged 20-50 years living in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 416 subjects (180 men and 236 women) aged 20 to 50 years were selected by stratified multistage random sampling. Dietary intakes were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Depression information was collected by Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) questionnaire. Three major dietary patterns were extracted by factor analysis: vegetable, Western, and Mediterranean-type dietary patterns. Regression analysis was used for association between dietary pattern and depression. Results: A strong positive significant association was observed between Western dietary pattern and depression. Also there was a negative significant association between Mediterranean-type dietary pattern and depression. These associations remained statistically significant even after adjustments for demographic characteristics, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, and energy intake. No association was found between vegetable dietary pattern and depression. Conclusion: The results showed that there was a relationship between dietary patterns and depression. However, clinical trials are needed to clarify whether a causal relationship between diet and mood disorders can be established.
Neurology
Babak Mohammadzadeh; Mehdi Khodabandelu; Masoud Lotfizadeh
Volume 3, Issue 1 , February 2016, , Pages 42-52
Abstract
Background and aims: Paper-pencil tests have always its own problems in the mental disorders evaluation, including learning questions, bad or good blazon are the problems with this methodology. This study aimed to propose a new alternative method of measuring mental disorders without paper-pencil test ...
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Background and aims: Paper-pencil tests have always its own problems in the mental disorders evaluation, including learning questions, bad or good blazon are the problems with this methodology. This study aimed to propose a new alternative method of measuring mental disorders without paper-pencil test using EEG. Methods: The research society involved depressed patients referred the psychiatrist clinics in Tabriz. 107 patients were selected as samples using a convenient sampling method. The Beck test was conducted. The EEG was recorded from the F4 point concurrent with displaying the film of 5 animated emotional images from Normed Images database (IAPS). The specialized screen of this recording was designed by the author in the Biograph Infinity software of device. Other software was written by the author in order to separate the αpeak frequency average associated with any image of the recorded EEG. Then the research variablesα1peak , α2peak , α3peak , α4peak , α5peak of each patient were analyzed with SPSS. After all, another 26 patients were selected to measure the Golden Standard, sensitivity, Positive predictability, Negative predictability and ROC. Results: The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that α1peak associated with αpeakfrequancy of image 1 had more explanatory power with a beta value of 0.289 compared with other variables. Then α3peak had a high explanatory power. The regression equation for the predicting the score based on his/her EEG was found in terms of αpeak frequency.Discussion: This research showed that Beck's depression score was predictable without using any questionnaire but according to EEG with a high sensitivity (100%), specificity (30.8%), PPV (59.1%), NPPV (100%), and ROC (57.4%).