Epidemiology
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 December 2020
Abstract
Background: Negative urgency reflects a specific facet of impulsivity and correlates with a wide range of health-related risk behaviors, including but not limited to problematic substance use. Negative urgency is also shaped by family socioeconomic position such as parental educational attainment.Aim: ...
Read More
Background: Negative urgency reflects a specific facet of impulsivity and correlates with a wide range of health-related risk behaviors, including but not limited to problematic substance use. Negative urgency is also shaped by family socioeconomic position such as parental educational attainment.Aim: To investigate sex differences in the boosting effects of parental educational attainment on children's negative urgency in the US. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Baseline ABCD included 10535 American children between ages 9 and 10 years old. The independent variable was parental educational attainment. The primary outcome was the negative urgency measured by the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-SS). Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis.Results: In the overall sample, parental educational attainment was not associated with negative urgency in the children. Sex showed a statistically significant interaction with parental educational attainment on children's negative urgency, indicating a stronger protective effect of high parental educational attainment for female, compared to male, children. In stratified models, high parental educational attainment was associated with lower levels of negative urgency in female but not male children.Conclusion: Parental educational attainment is a determinant of negative urgency for female but not male American children. American boys have high levels of negative urgency, which is a risk factor of drug use, at all parental education levels.
Epidemiology
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 April 2021
Abstract
Background: While increased parental education reduces children’s sleep problems, less is known about racial variation in such protection. According to Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, economic resources such as parental education show weaker health effects for minority groups ...
Read More
Background: While increased parental education reduces children’s sleep problems, less is known about racial variation in such protection. According to Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, economic resources such as parental education show weaker health effects for minority groups such as Blacks and Latinos than non-Latino Whites, which is due to racism and social stratification. Aim: In this study, we investigated the association between parental education and children’s sleep problems, as a proxy of sleep problems, by race. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 11718 American children aged 9-11. All participants were recruited to the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was parental education, a five-level nominal variable. The dependent variable, sleep problems, was a continuous variable. Race/ethnicity was the effect modifier. Age, gender, and marital status were the covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results: Parental education was inversely associated with children's sleep problems. However, there was a weaker inverse association seen in Black families when compared with White families. This was documented by a significant statistical interaction between race and parental education on children’s sleep problems. Conclusion: Diminished protective effect of parental education on children’s sleep problems for Black and Latino families compared to non-Latino White families is similar to MDRs and reflects the higher-than-expected health risk to middle-class Black and Latino children.
Epidemiology
Kazem Hosseinzadeh; Raheleh Sadegh
Volume 4, Issue 1 , Winter 2017, , Pages 18-23
Abstract
Background and aims: In Iran, according to the available data on health statistics, injuries are the as the common cause of death in different age groups after chronic heart diseases. The aim of this study was to present detailed information on eight common injuries. Methods: This study is an analysis ...
Read More
Background and aims: In Iran, according to the available data on health statistics, injuries are the as the common cause of death in different age groups after chronic heart diseases. The aim of this study was to present detailed information on eight common injuries. Methods: This study is an analysis on existing data (secondary study on recorded data) in Health Informatics System (HIS) available in Qazvin Health Management Office (QHMO), Iran. Permission to use these data was provided by researchers and the Health Research Ethics Board at the Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and also approved this analysis. Eight categories of injuries were derived from HIS and analyzed in SPSS software. Results: The total registered injuries in the whole population of Qazvin province was 22,821 (30% in females) from March 2014 to March 2015. From this, 1688 (7.3%) occurred in children under five years old. The rate of falling, violence, traffic and burns related injuries were in the top. About 69% of total injuries were in urban, and near 13% in villages. Conclusion: Children are the main victims of adults’ car crashes. Most of the children’s injuries take place at homes and roads. Some educational programs in order to increase children’s safety are in progress. There is not a good system to evaluate these interventions’ outcomes, and as such doing more study in this field is needed.
Epidemiology
Shahin Abdollahifakhim; Mehrnoosh Mousaviagdas; Mojtaba Sohrabpour
Volume 3, Issue 4 , Autumn 2016, , Pages 336-344
Abstract
Background and aims: Nowadays, Orofacial clefts are known as the most common orofacial birth defects. Several factors are responsible for problem, such as environmental factors, genetic background, nutritional deficiencies such as Vitamins, zinc, iron, maternal diseases, exposure to teratogenicagents, ...
Read More
Background and aims: Nowadays, Orofacial clefts are known as the most common orofacial birth defects. Several factors are responsible for problem, such as environmental factors, genetic background, nutritional deficiencies such as Vitamins, zinc, iron, maternal diseases, exposure to teratogenicagents, smoking, drugs, organic solvents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the of risk factors frequency of orofacial clefts in our rigion. Methods: This is an epidemiological study with retrospective database including parent’s age, family history, medical and drug history in pregnancy, toxin exposure, urbanistic habituation and parent’s job. Results: A total of 670 patients with orofacial cleft were studied. Parents were in 15-35 years old range. The frequency of cleft history in parents was 12.7%. Passive smoking (7%) and depression were the most common predisposing factor and most common maternal disease, respectively. Amoxicillin was the most common drug used in pregnancy period. Most of patients (92.5%) did not live in high risk areas. The most common job in fathers was agricultural. Conclusion: Orofacial clefts are the multifactorial disease. Due to its prevention, there is a need to focus on the local risk factors to be able to reach further information to reduce its occurance rate and also to find a better way to reduce the related costs on both patients and healthcare system.
Epidemiology
Mohammad Reza Mostafaee; Mostafa Shokati; Ramin Sarchami; Hossein Rafiei
Volume 3, Issue 1 , Winter 2016, , Pages 63-68
Abstract
Background and aims: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent disorder in children. Due to the importance of the disorder in children and its complications, this study aimed to assess the relation of the disorder with demographic factors in students of schools located in ...
Read More
Background and aims: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent disorder in children. Due to the importance of the disorder in children and its complications, this study aimed to assess the relation of the disorder with demographic factors in students of schools located in the Hamadan city, west of Iran. Methods: In this study, 1000 students were selected through randomized cluster sampling from Hamadan elementary schools in 2014. Data were gathered using Conners questionnaire. Conners questionnaire completed by teachers and parents. Results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software through Chi-square, Pierson correlation coefficient, and T-test. Results: The overall ADHD prevalence rate in this sample was determined to be 11.3%. For boys, this prevalence rate of ADHD was 19.4% and had significant difference with girls (P<0.01). The prevalence of ADHD in families with 1-3 children was 8.7% while it was 15.8% in families with 4 children and more. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.003). There was also higher prevalence among children of parents with lower level of education. Conclusion: ADHD is prevalent in community of Iran. Results indicated that diagnosis must be based on exact and persistent psychological symptoms. It is necessary that schools authorities in region 1 and 2 of Hamadan city take steps to find the cases and manage them.
Nursing
Molouk Jaafarpour; ali khani; Javaher khajavikhan
Volume 2, Issue 3 , Summer 2015, , Pages 113-117
Abstract
Background and Aims: Laryngospasm and vomiting occurring after tracheal extubation in children is potentially dangerous. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of preoperative 0.5 mg/kg i.v. Dexamethasone on the incidence of postextubation laryngospasm, and vomiting in children after tonsillectomy. ...
Read More
Background and Aims: Laryngospasm and vomiting occurring after tracheal extubation in children is potentially dangerous. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of preoperative 0.5 mg/kg i.v. Dexamethasone on the incidence of postextubation laryngospasm, and vomiting in children after tonsillectomy. Material and Methods : This study was performed at the Ilam Imam Khomeini hospital, IR, during the year 2009. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 66 pediatric patients 4-12 years (Dexamethasone group, n=33- placebo group , n=33) undergoing tonsillectomy received IV placebo (saline) or Dexamethasone , 0.5mg/kg IV after the induction of anesthesia before surgery. The incidence of postextubation laryngospasm and vomiting was recorded by the an investigator. All collected data were analyzed with using the statistical software (SPSS, Ver.16). Results : Mean age in Dexamethasone group 6.4±2.2, placebo group 6.1±2.8. Mean weight in Dexamethasone group 19.2±5.3, placebo group 20.3± 6.8 (p>0.05). Mean duration of anesthesia in Dexamethasone group 57.4 ±7.4 min, placebo group 55.6±4.6min. Mean duration of surgery in Dexamethasone group 40.7±6.7min , placebo group 42.3 ±8.4min (p>0.05). The incidence of postextubation laryngospasm in Dexamethasone group (6%) was lower than that in the placebo group (30%) (p