Cancer Epidemiology
Zohreh Shahhosseini; Fatemeh Hamidi
Abstract
Coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. In December 2019, a new virus from the coronavirus family, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), triggered the outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan across China. The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through unknown intermediate ...
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Coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. In December 2019, a new virus from the coronavirus family, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), triggered the outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan across China. The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through unknown intermediate animals. Currently, the lives of millions of people around the world are affected by the crisis caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 diseases, which has brought huge economic and social costs. Despite the efforts made in many countries to reduce the risks and the negative effects of this crisis, the damage and the resulting costs are still increasing. People with cancer are among the groups that need more attention and are highlighted as high-risk groups. The risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is not uniform. Evidence show that patients with cancer have an increased risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19 compared with the non-cancer population. It seems that cancer patients are at a higher risk of respiratory viruses such as influenza because of their frequently observed immunocompromised state. Patients with blood malignancies, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and multiple myeloma, along with those in active treatment for any type of cancer and people who have undergone bone marrow transplants are among the high-risk groups.
Cancer Epidemiology
Rida Salman; Khairallah Amhaz; Ali Hellani; Loubna Tayara; Batoul Mourda
Abstract
Background and aims: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. There are no recent data on the lung cancer prevalence in Lebanon, and the available data are based on prediction. Thus, this study aimed to determine the incidence rate of lung cancer during 2014, among patients who were ...
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Background and aims: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. There are no recent data on the lung cancer prevalence in Lebanon, and the available data are based on prediction. Thus, this study aimed to determine the incidence rate of lung cancer during 2014, among patients who were newly diagnosed at Lebanese teaching hospitals. In addition, the study attempted to identify the associated risk factors of lung cancer, the most common presenting symptoms at the diagnosis time, and the stage at which the majority of the patients were diagnosed at the targeted population.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in many teaching hospitals affiliated to the Lebanese University in Lebanon in 2016.Results: The lung cancer incidence was 221.9 per 100 000 in 2014. Most patients aged 60 years and over and as regards gender distribution, the majority of them included men. Further, more than half of the patients had the (COPD) and 97% of patients had symptoms at their presentation. Based on the results, 57.9% of them had stage IV lung cancer, but only 12% were diagnosed at the stage IA. Furthermore, 80.6% and 16.4% of patients had non-small and small cell lung cancer, respectively. Finally, 75.4% and 12.1% of them were treated with chemotherapy and underwent surgery, respectively, while 5.2% of patients had radiotherapy.Conclusion: The findings of our study showed a higher incidence rate of lung cancer since 2008 which was diagnosed more commonly in men and with the patient’s history of COPD. Eventually, the diagnosis was mostly made at a later stage with non-small cell lung cancer that was the most common histology type.
Cancer Epidemiology
Neda Amoori; Sepideh Mahdavi; Mostafa Enayatrad
Volume 3, Issue 3 , September 2016, , Pages 268-275
Abstract
Background and aims: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second cause of deaths among cancers worldwide cancer in the world. This study aimed to estimate the rate and trend of death from stomach cancer in Iranian population between 2006 and 2010. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional ...
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Background and aims: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second cause of deaths among cancers worldwide cancer in the world. This study aimed to estimate the rate and trend of death from stomach cancer in Iranian population between 2006 and 2010. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional conducted using mortality data in Iranian population between 2006 and 2010. The number of deaths, death rate, and sex ratio of mortality, mortality rates by age and gender groups, and trends of mortality from stomach cancer were calculated and reported. Cochrane Armitage test was used for linear trend by Winpepi software to study the trends of Stomach cancer mortality. Results: The results showed that between 2006 and 2010, 34950 cases of death have been reported from stomach cancer. The mortality rate per 100,000 reached from 11.22 in 2006 to 11.06 in 2010. All years studied indicated that death due to stomach cancer were higher in males than females. Also, with increasing age, the mortality rate of stomach cancer was increased. Conclusion: Our findings showed the decreasing trend of mortality due to stomach cancer may be due to increasing in lifespan and survival, enjoying the better diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for patients, and underestimation of the number of stomach cancer deaths. Since the cancer is the most frequent cause of death among cancers in Iran, additional investigation is necessary to determine the risk factors of the cancer to decline the mortality rate.
Cancer Epidemiology
Sepideh Mahdavi; Neda Amoori; Hamid Salehiniya; Zeinab Almasi; Mostafa Enayatrad
Volume 2, Issue 4 , November 2015, , Pages 184-189
Abstract
Background and aims: Bladder cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and the ninth cancer in terms of incidence in both sexes in the world. Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer among men in Iran. The most important risk factors which attribute to the incidence of bladder cancer ...
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Background and aims: Bladder cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and the ninth cancer in terms of incidence in both sexes in the world. Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer among men in Iran. The most important risk factors which attribute to the incidence of bladder cancer are tobacco usage, exposure to industrial materials, and chronic infection by Schistsoma. This study aimed to investigate the trend of death from bladder cancer in Iran. Methods: This study was conducted by the use of data on mortality in Iran during 2006-10. Data on mortality from cancer within the study period were collected and entered on a pre-designed form. Mortality rates per 105 persons were calculated by age group and sex, and the trend of mortality from this cancer was determined. Results: The results from the calculation of mortality rates per 105 persons indicated that the death rate from bladder cancer is reduced from 1.12 to 1.09. The mortality rates during all the years under the study showed that increasing age increases the bladder cancer in men. Conclusion: No particular change was observed in the analysis of the trend of tobacco using in Iran in the last two decades, which can be considered as one of the causes of constancy of mortality trend from bladder cancer. However, given the increase in the number of people over 65 and the observed growing trend in bladder cancer incidence in various regions of the country, it is recommended that health policies are adopted in order to prevent the risk factors behind this type of cancer such as tobacco and harmful industrial materials.
Cancer Epidemiology
Sepideh Mahdavi; Neda Amoori; Hamid Salehiniya; Mostafa Enayatrad
Volume 2, Issue 4 , November 2015, , Pages 239-240
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of death from cancer. Liver cancer is more prevalent in countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia and the western Central Africa.1 Liver cancer rates in North America and Western Europe, less than 10 cases per hundred thousand ...
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Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of death from cancer. Liver cancer is more prevalent in countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia and the western Central Africa.1 Liver cancer rates in North America and Western Europe, less than 10 cases per hundred thousand people in Asia and Africa between 50-150 cases per hundred thousand people.2 The incidence of cancer in many countries such as the United States and Central America and Europe is on the rise because it is caused by the epidemic of obesity and increasing cases of HCV infection due to intravenous drug. In contrast, in high-risk areas, decreasing trend has been observed Because of widespread vaccination against HBV infection in adults and children.1 The aim of this study was to estimate the level and trend of mortality from liver cancer in Iranian population during 2006-2010 .The overall view of the process as far as mortality due to these cancers in Iran is provided. In this study, Data related to the number of deaths caused by Liver cancer during 2006 to 2010 in 29 provinces by the Network Management Centre, Department of Information Management and Technology and Applied Research of the Ministry of health and Medical Education from various sources including government organizations, cemeteries, hospitals, homes and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education were collected.3 The results of calculation of mortality rates per hundred thousand people showed that the rate of death from liver cancer was 4.78 in 2006 to 5.37 in 2010. In Table 1, the mortality rate in all the years under the study suggests that liver cancer in men is more than in women. The results show that the mortality of liver cancer has been increased; this trend is consistent with previous studies.4 Deaths from cancer in the UK have increased by 2.6 per hundred thousand people.5 Rates of liver cancer mortality in the age groups under the study show that it increases with the increasing age of the cancer death rate and most deaths have been reported in patients aged over than 70 years. Based on the results of the present study, death from liver cancer in men has more increases with age than in women. Table 1: Mortality from Liver cancer per hundred thousand people in the study group sex Year of Study Mortality per hundred thousand Crude mortality rate Sex ratio (M/F) Woman Man Total Woman Man Total 2006 3.81 5.72 4.78 1072 1659 2731 1.54 2007 4.21 5.85 5.04 1103 1573 2677 1.42 2008 4.41 5.84 5.13 1170 1587 2757 1.35 2009 4.09 6.06 5.09 1100 1668 2769 1.51 2010 4.51 6.12 5.37 1258 1706 2964 1.35 Total 5703 8193 13898 1.43 Because both hepatitis B and hepatitis C are the major causes of liver cancer, treatment can reduce the risk of cancer, although this effect is not clear. It is estimated that approximately 1.5 million people in the country are infected with hepatitis B of which more than 15% to 40% are at risk of developing cirrhosis or liver cancer.6 The mass vaccination is a safe and easy way to control hepatitis B in the population, which can reduce infection rates by up to 95%. The universal vaccination against hepatitis B in Iran from 1993 to 2006 and applying it to more than 94% is reached.7 It is expected that the effect of reducing the burden of developing liver cancer occurs in the next decade. Since that time an attention on the course of hepatitis B and liver cancer and the virus vaccination for infants is recommended. It is also recommended that screening be performed for people with hepatitis B to identify cases of liver cancer.
Cancer Epidemiology
Nastaran Hajizadeh; Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi; Ahmadreza Baghestani
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2015, , Pages 12-17
Abstract
Background and aims: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant and papillary cancer and three times more prevalent in women than men. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence rate and trend of thyroid cancer in Iranian population. Methods: National incidence was rated by Iran ...
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Background and aims: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant and papillary cancer and three times more prevalent in women than men. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence rate and trend of thyroid cancer in Iranian population. Methods: National incidence was rated by Iran National Cancer Registry data derived from Iran’s annual national cancer registration reported from 2003 to 2009. The crude rate and age standardized rate were used to express the incidence of thyroid cancer. Results: The results indicated that, the incidence of thyroid cancer increased from 2003 to 2009. The age standardized rate for women and men increased from 2.02 and 0.82 to 4.2 and 1.36 per 100,000, respectively. Conclusion: This study indicated remarkable increasing trends in thyroid cancer incidence. So, attention to high risk groups and public programs is necessary to reduce the incidence of this cancer in future.