Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
2 Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
3 Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background and aims: Body image is defined as a complex concept involving a person’s thoughts,
feelings, and attitudes about his/her body. The body image dissatisfaction may expose the individuals,
specifically athletes, to eating disorders (EDs). The aim of this study is to assess the association of body
image score with EDs and anthropometric measures in students from university sports teams.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 225 students from sports teams of Qazvin
University in 2014. The samples were selected by the census method. The Multidimensional Body-
Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), eating attitudes test (EAT-26) questionnaire, and demographic
information questionnaire were used for collecting data. Anthropometric characteristics were also
measured. The data were analyzed in SPSS software version 22.0.
Results: The result of the study showed that the association of body image score with age (P=0.012,
OR=0.80, CI=0.179, 1.437) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (P=0.013, OR=-52.14, CI=-93.20,
-11.08) was positively significant. Although the mean body image score was lower in students with
EDs, it was not statistically significant. In addition, there was not a significant association between body
image score and other variables such as marital status, gender, educational level, body mass index
(BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and hip circumference (HC) (P>0.05).
Conclusion: In this study, the body image had a positive significant association with age, and a negative
significant one with WHtR. This may indicate that abdominal obesity plays an important role in body
image satisfaction among students from the university sports teams.
Keywords
2. Sabeti F, Gorjian Z. The relationship between the satisfaction of body image and self-esteem among obese adolescents in Abadan, Iran. Iran J Diabetes Obes. 2013;5(3):126-31.
3. Melching K, Green M, O’Neal EK, Renfroe L. Body image dissatisfaction: responses between male and female exercisers and non-exercisers. Int J Exerc Sci. 2016;9(3):248-57.
4. Nye S, Cash TF. Outcomes of manualized cognitive-behavioral body image therapy with eating disordered women treated in a private clinical practice. Eat Disord. 2006;14(1):31-40. doi: 10.1080/10640260500403840.
5. Hogan MJ, Strasburger VC. Body image, eating disorders, and the media. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2008;19(3):521-46, x-xi.
6. Glaner MF, Pelegrini A, Cordoba CO, Pozzobon ME. Association between body image dissatisfaction and anthropometric indicators in adolescents. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte. 2013;27(1):129-36.
7. Anderson LA, Eyler AA, Galuska DA, Brown DR, Brownson RC. Relationship of satisfaction with body size and trying to lose weight in a national survey of overweight and obese women aged 40 and older, United States. Prev Med. 2002;35(4):390-6.
8. Legey S, Lamego MK, Lattari E, Campos C, Paes F, Sancassiani F, et al. Relationship among body image, anthropometric parameters and mental health in physical education students. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2016;12:177-87. doi: 10.2174/1745017901612010177.
9. de Bruin AP, Oudejans RR, Bakker FC, Woertman L. Contextual body image and athletes’ disordered eating: the contribution of athletic body image to disordered eating in high performance women athletes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19(3):201-15. doi: 10.1002/erv.1112.
10. Abd El-Azeem Taha AA, Abu-Zaid HA, El-Sayed Desouky D. Eating Disorders Among Female Students of Taif University, Saudi Arabia. Arch Iran Med. 2018;21(3):111-7.
11. Sim LA, McAlpine DE, Grothe KB, Himes SM, Cockerill RG, Clark MM. Identification and treatment of eating disorders in the primary care setting. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(8):746-51. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2010.0070.
12. Currie A. Sport and eating disorders - understanding and managing the risks. Asian J Sports Med. 2010;1(2):63-8.
13. Goltz FR, Stenzel LM, Schneider CD. Disordered eating behaviors and body image in male athletes. Braz J Psychiatry. 2013;35(3):237-42. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0840.
14. Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J. Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. Eur J Sport Sci. 2013;13(5):499-508. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.740504.
15. Joy E, Kussman A, Nattiv A. 2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with a focus on clinical assessment and management. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(3):154-62. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095735.
16. Costarelli V, Stamou D. Emotional intelligence, body image and disordered eating attitudes in combat sport athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2009;7(2):104-11. doi: 10.1016/S1728-869X(09)60013-7.
17. Reinking MF, Alexander LE. Prevalence of disordered-eating behaviors in undergraduate female collegiate athletes and nonathletes. J Athl Train. 2005;40(1):47-51.
18. Safavi M, Mahmoodi M, Roshandel A. Assessment of body image and its relationship with eating disorders among female students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran center branch. Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University , Tehran Medical Branch. 2009;19(2):129-34. [Persian].
19. Mohamadirizi S, Yousefi F, Boroumandfar Z. The Relationship between Eating Disorder Symptoms and Social Anxiety Disorder in Students in Isfahan. Int J Pediatr. 2014;2(4.2):47- 53. doi: 10.22038/ijp.2014.3481.
20. Nobakht M, Dezhkam M. An epidemiological study of eating disorders in Iran. Int J Eat Disord. 2000;28(3):265-71.
21. Nuttall FQ. Body mass index: obesity, BMI, and health: a critical review. Nutr Today. 2015;50(3):117-28. doi: 10.1097/ nt.0000000000000092.
22. Lichtenauer M, Wheatley SD, Martyn-St James M, Duncan MJ, Cobayashi F, Berg G, et al. Efficacy of anthropometric measures for identifying cardiovascular disease risk in adolescents: review and meta-analysis. Minerva Pediatr. 2018;70(4):371- 82. doi: 10.23736/s0026-4946.18.05175-7.
23. Rahati A. Study of body image and relationship with selfesteem on basis comparison ages groups teenagers,middleaged, youth and old persons [dissertation]. Tehran: Shahed University; 2004.
24. Khaled SM, Kimmel L, Le Trung K. Assessing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the eating attitude test (EAT-26) across language and BMI in young Arab women. J Eat Disord. 2018;6:14. doi: 10.1186/s40337-018-0199-x.
25. Costa LC, Vasconcelos FA, Peres KG. Influence of biological, social and psychological factors on abnormal eating attitudes among female university students in Brazil. J Health Popul Nutr. 2010;28(2):173-81.
26. Anderson DA, Lundgren JD, Shapiro JR, Paulosky CA. Assessment of eating disorders: review and recommendations for clinical use. Behav Modif. 2004;28(6):763-82. doi: 10.1177/0145445503259851.
27. Martinsen M, Sundgot-Borgen J. Higher prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes than controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(6):1188-97. doi: 10.1249/ MSS.0b013e318281a939.
28. Valizadeh A, Ariapooran S. Prevalence of eating disorders and their role in psychological signs among women with sport activities. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2011;20(79):15-23. [Persian].
29. Pernick Y, Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, Kern M, Ji M, Lawson MJ, et al. Disordered eating among a multi-racial/ethnic sample of female high-school athletes. J Adolesc Health. 2006;38(6):689- 95. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.07.003.
30. Costarelli V, Stamou D. Emotional intelligence, body image and disordered eating attitudes in combat sport athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2009;7(2):104-11. doi: 10.1016/S1728-869X(09)60013-7.
31. Naeimi AF, Haghighian HK, Gargari BP, Alizadeh M, Rouzitalab T. Eating disorders risk and its relation to selfesteem and body image in Iranian university students of medical sciences. Eat Weight Disord. 2016;21(4):597-605. doi: 10.1007/s40519-016-0283-7.
32. van Niekerk RL, Card M. Eating attitudes: The extent and risks of disordered eating among amateur athletes from various sports in Gauteng, South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr. 2018;24:1179. doi: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1179.
33. Yoo EG. Waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for obesity and cardiometabolic risk. Korean J Pediatr. 2016;59(11):425- 31. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2016.59.11.425.
34. Shen S, Lu Y, Qi H, Li F, Shen Z, Wu L, et al. Waist-to-height ratio is an effective indicator for comprehensive cardiovascular health. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43046. doi: 10.1038/srep43046.
35. Choi JR, Koh SB, Choi E. Waist-to-height ratio index for predicting incidences of hypertension: the ARIRANG study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):767. doi: 10.1186/s12889- 018-5662-8.
36. Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0.5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(2):247-69. doi: 10.1017/s0954422410000144.
37. Pelegrini A, Sacomori C, Santos MC, Sperandio FF, Cardoso FL. Body image perception in women: prevalence and association with anthropometric indicators. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2014;16(1):58-65. doi: 10.5007/1980-0037.2014v16n1p58.
38. Alvarez-Rayón G, Franco-Paredes K, López-Aguilar X, Mancilla-Díaz JM, Vázquez-Arévalo R. [Body image and eating disorders]. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2009;11(4):568-78.
39. Akram S, Borland H. Age is no barrier to wanting to look good: women on body image, age and advertising. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 2007;10(3):310- 33.
40. Aquino MT, Orense CL, Tanchoco CC, Amarra SV, Tajan MG, Dela Cruz EO. Correlates of body image satisfaction among economically depressed urban Filipino women. Philipp J Sci. 2009;138(1):67-74.
41. Thomas J, Khan S, Abdulrahman AA. Eating attitudes and body image concerns among female university students in the United Arab Emirates. Appetite. 2010;54(3):595-8. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.008.
42. Smolak L, Murnen SK. Drive for leanness: assessment and relationship to gender, gender role and objectification. Body Image. 2008;5(3):251-60. doi: 10.1016/j. bodyim.2008.03.004.
)