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Int J Epidemiol Res. 2019;6(2): 76-82. doi: 10.15171/ijer.2019.14
PMID: 31363495        PMCID: PMC6666429

Original Article

Race, Education Attainment, and Happiness in the United States

Shervin Assari 1,2,3 * ORCID

Cited by CrossRef: 32

1- Assari S. Association of Educational Attainment and Race/Ethnicity With Exposure to Tobacco Advertisement Among US Young Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):e1919393 [Crossref]
2- Guo Q, Qian H. Negative human capital externalities in well-being: evidence from Chinese cities. Regional Studies. 2021;55(6):1046 [Crossref]
3- Zhu J, Lu C, Song A. Air Pollution Governance and Residents’ Happiness: Evidence of Blue Sky Defense in China. Sustainability. 2023;15(21):15288 [Crossref]
4- Cobb S, Javanbakht A, Khalifeh Soltani E, Bazargan M, Assari S.

Racial Difference in the Relationship Between Health and Happiness in the United States

. PRBM. 2020;Volume 13:481 [Crossref]
5- Lomas T, VanderWeele T. The complex creation of happiness: Multidimensional conditionality in the drivers of happy people and societies. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2023;18(1):15 [Crossref]
6- Fukui S, Ishikawa T, Iwahara Y, Fujikawa A, Fujita J, Takahashi K. Measuring well‐being in older adults: Identifying an appropriate single‐item questionnaire. Geriatrics Gerontology Int. 2021;21(12):1131 [Crossref]
7- Zhu H, Zhang Y, Bai R, Sun X. Happiness and executive team stability. Finance Research Letters. 2023;57:104286 [Crossref]
8- Bushman D, Davidson A, Pathela P, Greene S, Weiss D, Reddy V, Team N, Latash J. Risk Factors for Death Among Hospitalized Patients Aged 21–64 Years Diagnosed with COVID-19—New York City, March 13–April 9, 2020. J Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2022;9(4):1584 [Crossref]
9- Augustine J, Brantley M. Black-White Differences in Parental Happiness. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 2023;9 [Crossref]
10- Cohn J, Licata J, Othman S, Shokri T, Zwillenberg S. Comparison of Maxillofacial Trauma Patterns in the Urban Versus Suburban Environment: A Pilot Study. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction. 2020;13(2):115 [Crossref]
11- Wu C, Kawachi I. A triple trust penalty? The majority-minority gap in subjective wellbeing. Social Science & Medicine. 2024;361:117371 [Crossref]
12- Smanova A, Otynshiyeva A, Saktaganova I, Assanova S, Lazim A, Beaver K. Factors Associated with Achieving the Desired Level of Education in a Longitudinal and Nationally Representative Sample. Youth & Society. 2025;57(5):719 [Crossref]
13- Rahmani A, Najand B, Maharlouei N, Zare H, Assari S. COVID-19 Pandemic as an Equalizer of the Health Returns of Educational Attainment for Black and White Americans. J Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2024;11(3):1223 [Crossref]
14- Assari S, Cobb S, Cuevas A, Bazargan M. Diminished Health Returns of Educational Attainment Among Immigrant Adults in the United States. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11 [Crossref]
15- Adinkrah E, Najand B, Young-Brinn A. Race and Ethnic Differences in the Protective Effect of Parental Educational Attainment on Subsequent Perceived Tobacco Norms among US Youth. IJERPH. 2023;20(3):2517 [Crossref]
16- Toney S, Price G. Can Black Entrepreneurship Reduce Black-White Inequality in the United States?. J Econ Race Policy. 2021;4(4):294 [Crossref]
17- Song Z, Zhang W, Liang R, Sun X. Local Happiness and Executive Compensation. Financ Manag Account. 2025;36(2):323 [Crossref]
18- Bekalu M, McCloud R, Minsky S, Viswanath K. Association of social participation, perception of neighborhood social cohesion, and social media use with happiness: Evidence of trade‐off (JCOP‐20‐277). Journal Community Psychology. 2021;49(2):432 [Crossref]
19- Udayanga S. When more means less: the declining happiness premium of higher education in wealthier countries. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2025;12(1) [Crossref]
20- Showers V, Nsengiyumva P. Racial and Gender-Based Inequality in School Completion in South Africa: An Expression of Socioeconomic Disparity. IJEDA. 2025; [Crossref]
21- Maximiano-Barreto M, Leal L, Pessoa R, Bomfim A, Morais D, Luchesi B, Chagas M. Factors associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. Geriatric Nursing. 2024;56:124 [Crossref]
22- Adinkrah E, Najand B, Young-Brinn A, Salimi S. Association between School Achievement and Tobacco Susceptibility among US Adolescents: Ethnic Differences. Children. 2023;10(2):327 [Crossref]
23- Park Y, Gim T. Who remained happy despite the pandemic?: the impact of changed life situations and mobility and perceptions and attitudes toward the altered lifestyle during COVID-19. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 2025;24(2):985 [Crossref]
24- Chang J, Bethoux F, Plow M. Subjective Well-Being, Positive Affect, Life Satisfaction, and Happiness With Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review of the Literature. 2024;49(5):156 [Crossref]
25- Goodwill J. Measuring hope and joy among Black Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2024;19(6):1119 [Crossref]
26- Assari S. Diminished returns of educational attainment on life satisfaction among Black and Latino older adults transitioning into retirement. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health. 2024;2:100091 [Crossref]
27- Assari S. Black Americans’ Diminished Health Returns of Professional Occupations: A Thirty-Year Follow-Up Study of Middle-Aged and Older Adults. J Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2025;12(4):2103 [Crossref]
28- Dehghanbanadaki H, Kim B, Fendereski K, Horns J, Ramsay J, Jimbo M, Gross K, Pastuszak A, Hotaling J. Racial/Ethnic differences in male reproductive health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of semen parameters and hormonal profiles in the United States. Int J Impot Res. 2025;37(12):950 [Crossref]
29- Ford T, Kubzansky L, Mitchell U, Graham C. Broken Ties: Black Americans’ Diminished Return of Socioeconomic Status on Subjective Well-being. J Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2025; [Crossref]
30- Lomas T, Koga H, Padgett R, Pawelski J, Kim E, Makridis C, Gundersen C, Bradshaw M, Pertel N, Shiba K, Felton C, Helliwell J, Johnson B, VanderWeele T. Exploring associations of three evaluative subjective wellbeing measures (Cantril’s ladder, life satisfaction, happiness) with 15 childhood and demographic factors across 22 countries. Sci Rep. 2026; [Crossref]
31- Li F, Chandio A, Zang D, Liu H. Financial Inclusion, Digital Technology and Farmers' Well‐Being Nexus: Evidence From Rural of Xizang, China. Review Development Economics. 2025;29(3):1907 [Crossref]
32- Klein Teeselink B, Kim J, Zauberman G. Racial differences in the income–well-being gradient. Judgm decis mak. 2025;20 [Crossref]

Chairperson:

Reza Imani   

Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. 

 Email: eimani@skums.ac.ir

 

Editor-in-Chief: 

Soleiman Kheiri  

Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. 

 Email: kheiri@skums.ac.ir

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