International Journal of Epidemiologic Research

Letter to the editor

1. Challenges of Education in Prevention of Road Traffic Crashes

Mohammad Saadati; Alireza Razzaghi; Maryam Najafi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , Spring 2021, Pages 54-55

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.09

Abstract

Dear Editor, Education is a complex issue and there is a need to consider a several factors to provide an effective training program. Regarding the issue of road traffic crashes, there are some contradictory findings about the efficacy of education, which may cause mistrust among professional circles ... Read More Dear Editor, Education is a complex issue and there is a need to consider a several factors to provide an effective training program. Regarding the issue of road traffic crashes, there are some contradictory findings about the efficacy of education, which may cause mistrust among professional circles and experts.Some scientists believe that most of the training programs do not necessarily cover all aspects of crashes and only address some of the concerns. Road traffic crashes are a multidimensional issue and can be influenced by various political, economic, social and cultural factors, and thus the efficacy of an education program can be reduced. The low efficiency of educational programs can have several reasons, which are mentioned below:1.Non-use of Specific Educational Theory The efficacy of some educational interventions poses a serious challenge for researchers. A simple search in scientific databases will result in various studies aiming to offer educational programs for different road users about the road traffic safety. These educational programs are sometimes designed and implemented without sufficient scientific evidence or without relying on specific educational theory. Some researchers believe that designing an educational intervention without considering the guiding theory in education is like prescribing a medication to a patient regardless of his/her physiology. The use of educational theories entails identifying the audience properly, presenting the educational content in an appropriate manner, and evaluating its feedback. It also helps audiences to gain a better understanding about the safety in relation to their own behavior as road users.2.Non-use of Various Methods for Providing the Educational Content Some educational interventions are based on learning context-dependent methods. However, learning context-dependent methods is not easily generalized among the target group. This type of educational delivery method is not adequately effective for some age groups, including children. Adopting various training methods tailored to the content and target groups such as role-playing, as well as using animation, cartoons, computer games, simulators, virtual reality technologies and augmented reality in training of traffic safety can increase the efficacy of such educational methods.3.Insufficient Attention to the Causation Network of Traffic Crashes Some believe that educational programs only emphasize on one topic, and generally fail to take into account the effect of other interventions. On the other hand, the designed educational intervention may focus on the wrong variable (as a factor influencing the occurrence of traffic crashes or the resulting injuries). For example, some drug abuse resistance education interventions focus on peer pressure as a variable with a direct causal effect, while the effect of the peer pressure in some studies is pale and other factors have a stronger causal effect. As for the road safety issue, some educational interventions focus on a number of factors, such as vehicle control skills, while these factors may or may not be the main factors responsible for some of the road traffic crashes. The road safety educational programs may focus only on traffic behaviors such as driving speed and may neglect other behavioral aspects such as smoking, alcohol, and drug consumption. In such cases, and even if the trainees demonstrate the positive aspects of driving speed in their behavior, the impact of the negative aspects of other behaviors such as alcohol consumption causes the risk of road traffic crashes to remain in the target group.4.Insufficient Knowledge of Audience Gaining sufficient knowledge about the target group, as well as paying due attention to the characteristics of individual receiving an education are important factors for deepening learning in the audience. Recognition of the audience usually takes place over a long period of time. However, it has been shown that educational activities are often short-lived, and short-term interventions may be less effective for the audience. Some educational interventions only provide safety information without giving the drivers an accurate understanding of their behavior as road users. On the other hand, some educational interventions focus on high-risk behaviors of the drivers without considering the underlying reasons for these behaviors. Many drivers who display an unsafe behavior are aware of the fact that their behavior is not safe; however, they keep displaying the unsafe behavior.The issue of education has conflicting aspects that should be addressed. For example, raising risk awareness may strongly discourage some people to follow educational topics; while it may be attractive for others and may even encourage them to include their acquired education in their behavior. For instance, education providers focus on quitting high-risk health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and speeding that culminate in adolescence, while some training recipients may be curious and think about following these behaviors. It is argued that sometimes extensive financial resources to run inefficient educational program may deviate the resources from more effective community-based initiatives. Therefore, it is recommended that the researchers and policymakers in this field consider the theoretical and scientific principles when designing and implementing the educational interventions in order to increase their efficacy.Ethical Approval Not applicable.Conflict of Interest Disclosures None.

Original Article

2. A Study of Social Health Status in the Population of the Prospective Epidemiological Shahrekord Cohort Study in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in 2019

Maryam Sadat Ghaemfard; Ali Ahmadi; Asieh Mansouri; Soleiman Kheiri

Volume 8, Issue 2 , Spring 2021, Pages 56-61

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.10

Abstract

Background and aims: Social health refers to the quantity and quality of interaction of an individual with society to promote the well-being of individuals in the society. This interaction promotes social capital and social security, and reduces poverty and injustice. So far, no study has been ever done ... Read More Background and aims: Social health refers to the quantity and quality of interaction of an individual with society to promote the well-being of individuals in the society. This interaction promotes social capital and social security, and reduces poverty and injustice. So far, no study has been ever done on the social health situation in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. This study aimed to investigate the social health status in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in 2019. Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study, the data from the prospective epidemiological study of Shahrekord cohort study in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in 2019 were used. In order for measuring social health, a valid Iranian social health questionnaire with a score range of 33-165 was used. ANOVA and t test in SPSS version 22 were employed for analyzing the data in order to compare the mean values.Results: By way of explanation, 597 individuals out of 600 samples completed the social health questionnaire (99.5% response rate). The mean ± standard deviation age of participants was 48.54±9.33 years and the mean ± standard deviation score of their social health was 115.71±22.7. This score was higher in men than in women (P = 0.038). Social health score was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas (P = 0.001). Social health was highest in civil servants, and lowest in unemployed participants (P = 0.001). Social health score was lower in obese and high body mass index (BMI) individuals than in normal BMI individuals (P = 0.047).Conclusion: Social health in the studied population was moderate and, therefore, deserves the attention of health policy makers and planners. Social health can be improved by holding training classes for villagers and teaching them how to interact with each other – especially with family members, furthering participation of women in social affairs and increasing their social relationships, giving advice on diets and social health to people with non-normal BMI, as well as by holding post-retirement training classes for retirees.

Original Article

3. Epidemiology of Intestinal Parasites in the Rural and Urban Areas of Hamadan Province in west –Central Iran

Mohammad Mahdi Majzoobi; Amir Hossein Maghsood; Mohammad Matini; Khosrow Sardarian; Sayed Ali Alavi; Mohammad Fallah

Volume 8, Issue 2 , Spring 2021, Pages 62-66

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.11

Abstract

Background and aims: Previous studies have shown that the intestinal parasites have the high prevalence in Hamadan province. However, this problem has not been addressed properly yet and, therefore, there is not up-to-date information about it. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal ... Read More

Original Article

4. Violence-Related Behaviors Among Iranian University Students: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and its Relationship with Religiosity and Family Support

Sima Afrashteh; Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo; Mohebat Vali; Mehdi Sharafi; Maria Khishdoost Borazjan; Amirhossein Darabi; Leila Moftakhar; Haleh Ghaem

Volume 8, Issue 2 , Spring 2021, Pages 67-72

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.12

Abstract

Background and aims: Violence is recognized as a significant public health problem throughout the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of violence-related behaviors and its relationship with other risky behaviors, family support, and religiosity among students in Bushehr.Methods: ... Read More

Original Article

5. Isolation and Identification of Acanthamoeba Strains From the Oral Cavity of Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis in Shahrekord County, the Southwest of Iran in 2018

Mohsen Cheshmpanam; Kourosh Manouchehri Naeini; Soleiman Kheiri; Rahman Abdizadeh

Volume 8, Issue 2 , Spring 2021, Pages 73-78

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.13

Abstract

Background and aims: Acanthamoeba spp. as opportunistic microorganisms are widespread in a wide range of environmental sources in the world and may cause severe diseases in immune-deficient patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotypes of Acanthamoeba spp. in hemodialysis ... Read More

Original Article

6. Epidemiological Study of Prostate Neoplasms in Maragheh City During 2014-2019: Northwestern of Iran

Ahmad Vahednasiri

Volume 8, Issue 2 , Spring 2021, Pages 79-82

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.14

Abstract

Background and aims: Prostate neoplasms have various geographical distribution in the world as well as in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of prostate neoplasms in Maragheh due to the lack of literature on the subject in this city.Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical, ... Read More

Original Article

7. Prevalence of Ventricular Septal Defect and Associated Diseases Among Patients Under 18 Years in Shiraz During 2016-2017

Hamid Mohammadi; Nima Mehdizadegan; Mohammad Reza Edraki; Saeed Karimi; Negar Yazdani; Reza Bahrami; Mohammad Bahrami

Volume 8, Issue 2 , Spring 2021, Pages 83-87

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.15

Abstract

Background and aims: Since ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart disease, this study aimed to investigate its prevalence, characteristics, and associated diseases in a referral children’s heart clinic in south of Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional study that was ... Read More

Original Article

8. A Study of Association of Toxoplasma gondii Infection With Schizophrenia in Mashhad Area, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran

Bahareh Meftahi; Ebrahim Abdollahian; Ahmad Nematollahi; Gholamreza Razmi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , Spring 2021, Pages 88-92

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.16

Abstract

Background and aims: Congenital toxoplasmosis is assumed to play a role in developing schizophrenia in human. This study aimed to estimate the relationship between Toxoplasma infection and schizophrenia by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Methods: In ... Read More

Environmental Health

1. Removal of lead ions from industrial wastewater: A review of Removal methods

Mohsen Arbabi; Sara Hemati; Masoud Amiri

Volume 2, Issue 2 , Spring 2015, , Pages 105-109

Abstract

Background and aims: The removing of (potential) toxic heavy metal ions from sewage, especially in industrial and mining waste effluents, has been widely studied in recent years. The aim of present study was to investigate the various methods for lead removal of lead ions from industrial wastewater. ... Read More

Epidemiology

2. Prevalence of internet addiction among university students in Ilam: a cross-sectional study

Ataollah Hashemian; Ashraf Direkvand-Moghadam; Ali Delpisheh; Azadeh Direkvand-Moghadam

Volume 1, Issue 1 , Autumn 2014, , Pages 9-15

Abstract

Background and aims: Internet addiction is one of the problems emerged with the development of technology. Considering the potential negative effects of internet addiction on health, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of internet addiction in university students in Ilam, west of Iran, ... Read More

Women's Health

3. The global trend of infertility: an original review and meta-analysis

Ashraf Direkvand-Moghadam; Kourosh Sayehmiri; Ali Delpisheh; Azadeh Direkvand-Moghadam

Volume 1, Issue 1 , Autumn 2014, , Pages 35-43

Abstract

Background and aims: Infertility is one of the most important conditions in reproductive system and there is no reliable estimates for global prevalence of infertility. Therefore, knowing the prevalence of infertility is important and can be effective in decision making. Methods: We systematically reviewed ... Read More

Environmental Health

4. Removal of copper ions Cu (II) from industrial wastewater: A review of removal methods

Mohsen Arbabi; Nazila Golshani

Volume 3, Issue 3 , Summer 2016, , Pages 283-293

Abstract

Background and aims: Nowadays heavy metals are the environmental priority pollutants and are becoming as the most serious environmental problems. In recent years removing those from diverse industrial effluents and metal cleaning have been studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ... Read More

Epidemiology

5. Prevalence of major coronary heart disease risk factors in Iran

Ali Ahmadi; Mahmoud Mobasheri; Hamid Soori

Volume 1, Issue 1 , Autumn 2014, , Pages 3-8

Abstract

Background and aims: Coronary heart diseases (CHDs) contribute to mortality, morbidity, disability, productivity and quality of life. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of major risk factors for CHD in the provinces of Iran. Methods: This study reported pre-existing data and was of secondary, ... Read More

Original Article

1. Epidemiological Study of the Brucellosis in Iran, Isfahan, 2010–2015

Alireza Salahshouri; Javad Ramezanpour; Hamid Gheibipour

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof, Available Online from 22 August 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2021.18

Abstract

Background and aims: Brucellosis is one of the most common infectious diseases in both humans and animals. It has been controlled in developed countries; however, it is still regarded as a public health problem in developing countries including Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology ... Read More

Articles in Press

Current Issue

Volume 8 (2021)

Volume 7 (2020)

Volume 6 (2019)

Volume 5 (2018)

Volume 4 (2017)

Volume 3 (2016)

Volume 2 (2015)

Volume 1 (2014)

1. Challenges of Education in Prevention of Road Traffic Crashes

Abstract

2. A Study of Social Health Status in the Population of the Prospective Epidemiological Shahrekord Cohort Study in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in 2019

Abstract

3. Epidemiology of Intestinal Parasites in the Rural and Urban Areas of Hamadan Province in west –Central Iran

Abstract

4. Violence-Related Behaviors Among Iranian University Students: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and its Relationship with Religiosity and Family Support

Abstract

5. Isolation and Identification of Acanthamoeba Strains From the Oral Cavity of Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis in Shahrekord County, the Southwest of Iran in 2018

Abstract

6. Epidemiological Study of Prostate Neoplasms in Maragheh City During 2014-2019: Northwestern of Iran

Abstract

7. Prevalence of Ventricular Septal Defect and Associated Diseases Among Patients Under 18 Years in Shiraz During 2016-2017

Abstract

8. A Study of Association of Toxoplasma gondii Infection With Schizophrenia in Mashhad Area, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran

Abstract

1. Removal of lead ions from industrial wastewater: A review of Removal methods

Abstract

2. Prevalence of internet addiction among university students in Ilam: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

3. The global trend of infertility: an original review and meta-analysis

Abstract

4. Removal of copper ions Cu (II) from industrial wastewater: A review of removal methods

Abstract

5. Prevalence of major coronary heart disease risk factors in Iran

Abstract

1. Epidemiological Study of the Brucellosis in Iran, Isfahan, 2010–2015

Abstract

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