Health Promotion
Alireza Razzaghi; Mohammad Saadati; Maryam Najafi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 November 2020
Abstract
AbstractEducation is a complex issue and there is a need to consider a several factors to provide an effective training program. In the road traffic crashes issue, there are some contradictory findings of education effectiveness which caused to mistrust among professional circles and experts. Some scientists ...
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AbstractEducation is a complex issue and there is a need to consider a several factors to provide an effective training program. In the road traffic crashes issue, there are some contradictory findings of education effectiveness which caused to mistrust among professional circles and experts. Some scientists believe that most of the training programs do not necessarily cover all aspects and only address some of the concerns. The low effectiveness and efficiency of educational programs can have several causes, which are mentioned below: Non-use of specific educational theory, Non-use of various methods for providing the educational content, Insufficient attention to the causation network of traffic crashes, Insufficient knowledge of the education audience. it is appropriate for researchers and policymakers in this field to consider the theoretical and scientific principles in the design and implementation of educational interventions to increase effectiveness.It is appropriate for researchers and policymakers in this field to consider the theoretical and scientific principles in the design and implementation of educational interventions to increase effectiveness.
Epidemiology
Shervin Assari
Abstract
Background and aims: This study aimed to compare non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) American adults for the associations of educational attainment and household income with perceived racial discrimination. Methods: The 2010 National Alcohol Survey (NAS N12), a nationally ...
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Background and aims: This study aimed to compare non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) American adults for the associations of educational attainment and household income with perceived racial discrimination. Methods: The 2010 National Alcohol Survey (NAS N12), a nationally representative study, included 2635 adults who were either NHB (n = 273) or NHW (n = 2362). We compared NHBs and NHWs for the associations between education, income, and perceived racial discrimination. We used linear regression for data analysis. Outcome was perceived racial discrimination; the predictors were educational attainment and household income; covariates were age and gender; and moderator was race. Results: In the total sample, high income was associated with lower levels of perceived racial discrimination, while educational attainment was not significantly associated with perceived racial discrimination. There was also an interaction between race and education but not household income, suggesting a difference in the association between educational attainment and perceived racial discrimination between NHB and NHW individuals. For NHW individuals, household income was inversely associated with perceived racial discrimination. For NHB individuals, however, household income was not related to perceived racial discrimination. For NHB but not NHW individuals, educational attainment was correlated with more not less perceived racial discrimination. Conclusion: High income protects NHW but not NHB individuals against perceived racial discrimination, and NHB individuals with high education levels report more not less perceived racial discrimination.
Shervin Assari; Mohsen Bazargan
Abstract
AbstractBackground and aims: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to the smaller effects ofeducational attainment for ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. As a result of MDRs,research has documented more than expected tobacco use among Hispanics and African Americans(AAs) with ...
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AbstractBackground and aims: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to the smaller effects ofeducational attainment for ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. As a result of MDRs,research has documented more than expected tobacco use among Hispanics and African Americans(AAs) with high educational attainment. In theory, some of this increased risk may be due to lowertobacco harm knowledge. Accordingly, the present study compared ethnic groups for the associationbetween educational attainment and tobacco harm knowledge among American adults in order tobetter understand a potential mechanism behind MDRs of educational attainment on tobacco use ofHispanics and AAs.Methods: The current cross-sectional study used baseline data of 27,405 adults, which were obtainedfrom the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (2013) study a nationally representative surveyin the United States. The independent and dependent variables were educational attainment andtobacco harm knowledge, respectively. In addition, age, gender, employment, and poverty status werethe covariates and ethnicity was the moderator. Finally, linear regression was used to analyze the data.Results: Educational attainment was inversely associated with tobacco harm knowledge in the pooledsample (b = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.09 - 0.13). Ethnicity showed a statistically significant interaction witheducational attainment (b = -0.05, 95% CI = -0.10 - 0.00 for AAs and b = -0.14, 95% CI = -0.19 - -0.09for Hispanics versus non-Hispanics), suggesting that the effect of educational attainment on tobaccoharm knowledge was smaller for Hispanics and AAs compared to non-Hispanics and Whites.Conclusion: In general, although high educational attainment increases tobacco harm knowledge,highly educated Hispanics and AAs still report a disproportionately low level of tobacco harmknowledge. Eventually, the MDRs of educational attainment on tobacco harm knowledge may explainwhy highly educated Hispanics remain at high risk of tobacco use.
Mohammad Sahebalzamani; Sayedeh Zahra Hosseinigolafshani; Farnoosh Rashvand
Abstract
Background and aims: Urinary incontinence is common among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, whichaffects their quality of life negatively. This study examined the effectiveness of a behavioral trainingprogram on severity of urinary incontinence among Iranian women with MS.Methods: This is a quasi experimental ...
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Background and aims: Urinary incontinence is common among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, whichaffects their quality of life negatively. This study examined the effectiveness of a behavioral trainingprogram on severity of urinary incontinence among Iranian women with MS.Methods: This is a quasi experimental study. The sample was selected using purposeful samplingfrom all those who presented for routine follow-up care and treatment in an MS clinic in Tehran fromMarch 2015 to September 2015. The training consisted of 2 sessions (each were 45 minutes) video,small group discussion and group lecture in which all aspects of the urinary incontinence were taught.Before the study initiation, patients were asked to complete the Incontinence Questionnaire-UrinaryIncontinence Short Form (ICIQUI-SF) and a demographic questionnaire. Three month after the firsteducational intervention, MS patients were reassessed using the ICIQUI-SF. Data analyzed in SPSS 21.Results: The mean total scores of ICIQ-SF were 12.4 ± 3.3 and 7.1 ± 3.2 before and after training,respectively. According to the results of paired t test, this difference before and after study wasstatistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean scores of “number of urine leak” were 2.7 ± 0.9 and 1.5± 0.8 before and after intervention, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean scores of “amount of urine leak”were 3.3 ± 1.4 and 2.1 ± 0.9 before and after intervention, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean scoresof “effect of urine leak on everyday life” were 6.3 ± 2.1 and 3.6 ± 2.0 before and after intervention,respectively (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Behavioral training could be effective strategy in management of bladder dysfunctionin MS patients. Health-care providers should be aware of this and plan for use. Further study in thisregard is strongly recommended.
Health Promotion
Zahra Taheri
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Autumn 2014, , Pages 44-46
Abstract
Annually, many women become pregnant worldwide; however, pregnancy and childbirth is not a pleasant event for all them. In fact, more than 90% of maternal anxiety could be related to the delivery process. It should be noted that delivery is also a stressful event that sometimes, due to different reasons ...
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Annually, many women become pregnant worldwide; however, pregnancy and childbirth is not a pleasant event for all them. In fact, more than 90% of maternal anxiety could be related to the delivery process. It should be noted that delivery is also a stressful event that sometimes, due to different reasons and in order to avoid its potential hazards which could threaten the lives of mother and baby, it is not possible to deliver through the natural channel and Caesarean section delivery is necessary. However, nowadays, many of cesarean sections are unnecessary.
The unnecessary cesarean delivery has an important impact on maternal and neonatal health and reducing (unnecessary) caesarean section is one of the health priorities. That’s why many countries are trying to reduce unnecessary cesarean and promote natural childbirth. In Iran, Maternal Health Office at Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 2002, initiated the design of a national program for mother-friendly hospitals to reduce the cesarean rate by 25 % until 2015. In addition, previous research has shown that through education of mothers and reducing their fear about childbirth and correcting some wrong beliefs about natural childbirth, the unnecessary cesarean section could be reduced.
By systematic training to control of the fear and anxiety in pregnant women, they will believe that they have ability to do natural childbirth and in turn could increase their self-confidence. Finally, it will lead to increased cases of vaginal delivery.